Chapter 9: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Section One: New Directions in Science

Identify: Nicolaus Copernicus – a Polish mathematician and astronomer
Tycho Brahe – Danish astronomer from the later 1500’s
Johannes Kepler – an assistant to Tycho Brahe
Galileo Galilei – an Italian astronomer who used a new magnifying instrument, the telescope

Define: scientific method – using experiments and observations , interpreting the results, and using logic from principles to prove a scientific theory
Law of gravity – three laws developed by Isaac Newton
Why was mathematics important to the scientific method?
It is used to prove scientific theories rather than using logic.
Give two reasons why scholars challenged the ideas of Copernicus
He proved Ptolemy wrong, and the whole of human knowledge would become uncertain if he was right.
What did Galileo’s observations through the telescope reveal?
He revealed that the moon had an imperfect surface with mountains and spots.
How did Newton think the universe worked?
Newton saw the universe as a huge, well-regulated machine that worked according to definite laws of nature, such as the law of gravity.
Describe one way each of the following contributed to medical knowledge:
Paracelsus produced distilled liquid used as medicine
Andreas Vesalius prevented infection by pouring boiling oil on wounds
Ambrose Pare developed technique for stitching wounds
William Harvey an Englishman who studied the circulation of the blood through arteries and veins.

Section 2: Enlightenment Thinkers
Identify:
Thomas Hobbes – An English Philosopher who thought that if people were left alone, they would constantly fight among themselves.
John Locke – English Philosopher who had a more optimistic view of human nature
Montesquieu – worked for government, born to a noble family
Voltaire – French – spent life arguing about religious toleration and freedom of thought.
Jean Jacques Rousseau – Swiss philosophe who believed that humans were good
Define:
Philosophe – writers and thinkers who expanded on Locke’s idea of natural rights
Physiorat – a group of philosophes who searched for the natural laws to explain economics.
Free market – a market in which all goods can be bought and sold without restraint


What kind of government did Hobbes support?
A government with a established order and society and one where the ruler has absolute power.
According to Locke, when did people have a right to rebel?
When the ruler is a tyrant, or when he or she broke the contract.
Describe three concerns of the philosophes.
They argued about religious toleration, condemned wars or religion, and strict censorship.
Why did Montesquieu support a government system with checks and balances?
So that no branch of government could dominate another.

Who did Voltaire think should govern?
Voltaire thought that it should be a monarch who studied the science of government and protected the basic rights of people.
What did Rousseau mean by the “general will?”
The decision of the majority.

Section Three: Impact of the Enlightenment

Identify:
Denis Diderot : Philosophe from Paris, and one of the most successful spokesman of the enlightenment.
Joseph II
Son of mother Theresa
Johann Sebastian Bach
Clavichord, Organ composer from the Baroque, who died in 1750.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Child prodigy who died at 39, played violin and piano.
Define: salon- informal gatherings that wealthy women held
What subjects did Diderot’s Encyclopedia emphasize the most?
It was devoted mostly on space, science and technology.
Describe three reforms introduced by enlightened monarchs
Banned the use of torture, equaled rights to Jews, and limited the power of the Catholic Church.

Chapter Overview:
Recalling Facts:
1. Denis Diderot: philosopher who edited the Encyclopedia.
2. John Locke: philosopher who thought society corrupted people
3. William Harvey: physician who studied the circulation of the blood.
4. Sir Isaac Newton: English mathematician who developed law of gravity
5. Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer who said the earth revolved around the sun
6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: composer who began writing music before age five
7. Jean Jacques Rousseau: philosopher who thought society corrupted people
8. Galileo Galilei: astronomer who used a telescope to observe sunspots and the moons of Jupiter

Chapter Checkup

What was the basis of scientific thought during the Middle Ages?
They used logic rather than mathematical reasoning.
Why did scholars begin to questions traditional scientific views after 1200?
They conducted experiments, used mathematical reasoning and used scientific method.
How did Copernicus help develop the scientific method?
He used mathematical calculations to prove Ptolemy wrong.

How did Galileo make so many enemies?
He declared heavenly bodies were imperfect and changing.
How did they get their revenge?
They commenced the Catholic Church to forbid Galileo from defending his ideas by condemning the teachings of Copernicus
Why did Galileo give in to the Inquisition?
He did it to avoid death.

How did Newton’s work help change people’s view of the universe?
He saw the universe as a huge, well-regulated machine that worked according to definite laws of nature, such as the law of gravity.
What other effects did his work have?
Navigators and mapmakers used his mathematics to make more precise charts.

How were the ideas of Hobbes and Locke similar
They agreed the purpose of government was to establish order in society.
How were they different?
Hobbes thought that humans were bad in nature that they need a powerful ruler. Locke had more optimistic views of human nature.

What social and economic changes did the philosophes want?
They thought censorship was dangerous and encouraged education to be free ignorance, prejudice, and superstition.
Did they achieve any of their goals during the 1700s? Explain.
Their religious hopes went down but their secular music and scientific hopes went up.
Describe how each of the following helped spread Enlightenment ideas;
The Encyclopedia
Because the Encyclopedia was banned, people read the ideas of the Encyclopedia even more.
Learned societies
People influenced each other and they learnt stuff from each other. Thus, less ignorance in the society was achieved.
Salons
Women gathered around and discussed smart stuff, thus less ignorance in the society was achieved.
For Further Thought

Analyzing a Quotation
Leonardo da Vinci wrote “No human investigation can be called true science without passing through mathematical tests.”
How was this view reflected in the Scientific Revolution?
It reflects the scientific revolution because the mirror reflected it.
‘Why do you think scholars such as Newton had such confidence in mathematics?
‘Cuz GOD WILLS IT!

Relating Past to Present
List three developments of the Scientific Revolution. What have been the long-term consequences of each?
They made us smarter.
Expressing an Opinion
The philosophes were confident of human progress. They believed that life could be improved.
What events and developments of the time do you think contributed to this attitude?
Birthdayz, New Years, Easter, Holidays, Christianity, Catholicism, Hinduism….etc.
Do you think people today still believe in progress? Explain.
Yes because their crazy @_@
Applying Information
Joseph II was an enlightened monarch and an absolute ruler. Yet he could not greatly improve the lives of his people. Why do you think this was true?
Cuz he is stupid.

Developing Basic Skills
1.
Hobbes
Absolute Monarchs
Believed that people would fight among themselves constantly if left alone
Locke
Government was responsible for protecting the rights of humans, but their power should be limited
Believed people were basically reasonable and would cooperate with each other
Montesquieu
Thought that the legislature should make the laws, the executive should enforce laws, and indiciary should interpret the laws
Believed that the government could carefully balance powers equally
Voltaire
Strong, enlightened monarch
Believed that a monarch who studied the science of government would protect the basic rights of the people
Rousseau
Believed there should not be a monarch
Believed that people could make contract with each other, not with ruler

a) I think Locke’s idea was most democratic
b) I think Hobbe’s ideas were least democratic
c) Rousseau was concerned with individual rights
d) I think Locke’s idea was most like the government in Canada.