Chapter 8: The Renaissance and Reformation

Section One: Spirit of the Renaissance

1) Lorenzzo de Medici- A skilled architect from the powerful Medici family
Francesco Petrarch- An early renaissance humanist from Florence who lived from 1304-1375.
Niccolo Machiavelli- A diplomat mat and government official from Florence dedicated to Lorenzzo de Medici.
Baldassare Castiglione- A person who wrote the Prince as a handbook which stated Italian laws.
2) How did the wealth of the Italian states encourage the spirit of the Renaissance?
In the late Renaissance the Italian merchants and economy flourished and they flourished more and more like a snowball.
3) a) What subjects were made up in the humanities? Grammar, rhetorics, poetry and history
b) According to the Renaissance what was the purpose of education? They thought it was the way to become a well-rounded individual. Only with full education could a person have a good life.
4) How did scholars try to find errors in the ancient manuscripts?
They compared copies of the same works to find mistakes, to find where the mistakes were made.
5) What advice did Machiavelli give to the rulers?
He recommended advised rulers to use a combination of cunning, diplomacy, and ruthlessness.
6) According to Castiglione, what was the ideal Renaissance person?
Someone who had broad education in many different areas, and to learn music, and be witty.
7) Name one way the Renaissance in northern Europe differs from that of Italy.
Northern Europe and Spain worshipped Christianity more.

Section Two: Art and Literature of the Renaissance

1) Identify:
Donatello- A sculptor from Italy.
Brunelleschi - an architect who rejected medieval Gothic architecture and revived classical styles1
Leonardo da Vinci- Achieved Renaissance goal and tried many things and excelled in all.
Michelangelo- Hes a musician, architect, sculptor, poet, and painter.
Raphael- Skillful painter who was influenced by both Michelangelo and Leonardo.
Jan van Eyck- An artist who liked to paint realistically.
Pieter Bruegel- Another Flemish artist who liked to paint peasants working in peasant landscapes.
Albrecht Durer- A German artist who traveled to Italy to study techniques of the Italian masters.
Boccaccio- Italian writer who contributed to Renaissance literature.
Rabelais- A French writer who fulfilled the ideal Renaissance idea.
Cervantes- A leading Renaissance writer in Spain
Shakespeare- A famous English playwright and poet.
Eramus- Dutch scholar and priest who lead Christian humanists.
Sir Thomas More- English scholar and states man who thought literature should serve Christian goals.
2) How was Donatello’s David different from Medieval sculpture?
It was free standing to be admired from all sides.
3) Describe two techniques that affected Renaissance art.
There were shadings of dark and light to add feelings of space, and there were rules of perspective to give paintings a more realistic look
4) How did artists of northern Europe differ from Italian artists?
The northern European artists were less influenced by classical styles than the contemporaries in Italy.
5) a/b) Why did Erasmus criticize the church?
He criticized the Church for emphasizing the pomp and rituals rather than the teachings of Jesus.

Section Three: Changing Patterns of Life

1) Identify: Johann Gutenburg- He invented a metal alloy which is used in the final step of painting.
2) How did the introduction of printing affect the spread of ideas?
Books were produced faster and were less expensive, and ideas spread rapidly.
3) Describe black death’s affect on farming. Farmers had to produce more profitable foods, because the demand for wheats and grains fell.
4) Give three examples of works women did outside of home: They ran their own small businesses, selling hand work, and stuff they gardened, they had central roles in governing cities, and they translated writings.

Section Four: Beginnings of the Protestant Reformation

1) Identify: Martin Luther- A German monk who sparked a movement to split the Catholic Church.
Johann Tetzel- A monk who was actively selling indulgences near the University of Wittenberg.
Peace of Augsburg-The peace of Augsburg did not end disputes between Catholics and Protestants.
Protestant Reformation- reformers who broke away from the Catholic Church and were winning followers across Europe.

Section Five: Further Challenges to the Catholic Church

1) Identify: Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Huguenot, John Knox, Anabaptist, Book of Common Prayer, Ignatius Loyola, Jesuits, Index
Ulrich Zwingli – a priest and admirer of Erasmus who taught in the Swiss city of Zurich
John Calvin – the person who led one of the best-organized Protestant movements in the Swiss cities of Basel and Geneva.
Huguenot – French Calvinists who were powerful in southern France.
John Knox – a person who took the new faith to Scotland.
Anabaptist – a group of people who argued that infants could not be baptized as members of a church because they were too young to understand the Christian faith.
Book of Common Prayer – the book that Protestant bishops issued which outlined the official rituals and prayers for the Anglican services
Ignatius Loyola – a person who formed the society of Jesus, a group of dedicated missionaries
Jesuits – Loyola's followers who swore absolute obiedience to the pope
Index - a list of forbidden books published by the Catholic CHurch
2) Define: predestination
the idea that god has chosen who will be saved and who will be condemned.
3) a) Why did Calvin believe people should lead good lives?
he said people should live good lives to show that God has chosen them for salvation
b) To what parts of Europe did Calvinism spread?
It spread to the Netherlands ,France, Scotland, and England.
4) a) Why did Henry VIII of England quarrel with the pope?
Henry VIII had many wives, which the CHurch was against.
b) What religious policy did Elizabeth I follow?
Elizabeth I enforced reforms that Protestant CHurch and the Catholic Church could accept.
5) Describe one action of the Council of Trent
THe council of Trent responded to Protestant attacks.
6) a) By 1600, what parts of Europe were mainly Protestant?
England, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
b) What areas remained mainly Catholic?
Spain, France, Italy, Bohemia, Austria, Hungary, and Poland