Chapter 4 the Height of Medieval Civilization

Recalling Facts

Decide if the following statements are true or false. If a statement is false, rewrite the statement to make it true.
1. The Hanseatic League was a group of Italian cities.
False. THe Hanseatic League was a group of German cities.
2. Medieval towns obtained charters to protect the rights of townspeople.
True.
3. An association of artisans was called craft guild.
True.
4. In the Middle Ages, a just price meant chargin whatever customers would pay.
False. A just price is a price that includes the cost of the raw materials and a sufficient amount of profit.
5. Gothic cathedrals were dark and gloomy buildings.
False. They are airy, roomy, with lots of windows to let the sun in.
6. Physicians received advanced medical training at some medieval universities.
True.
7. The Fourth Crusade recaptured the Holy Land.
True
8. Italian merchants became the first bankersi n Europe.
True.

Chapter Checkup
1. Describe how each of the following contributed to an economic revival in Europe during the late Middle Ages:
a. decline of warfare
The decline of warfare meant that merchants could travel long distances without his cargo being stolen from him. Also, peasants were freed, and in turn, they work as labourers for the lords.
b. trade fairs
trade fairs introduced people to different languages, customs, and goods of other places.
c. Hanseatic League
the Hanseatic League formed for protection and trade purposes. As a group, they dominated the trading in North Seas or Baltic Seas.
d. growth of towns
Peasants sold food grown on the manor to townspeople. With the money they earned, peasants could buy products in town. Local inldustries expanded, and townspeople prospered. As they prospered, they demanded imported products, and this lead to further trading.

2. a. Why did townspeople want charters?
They wanted to be sure of their rights so that nobles and lords would not be able to deprive them of something. Before charters were written, their obligations were unclear or disputed.
b. How did the growth of towns affect the medieval social structure?
Townspeople became neither peasants nor nobles. They became middle class people, merchants became wealthier than lords or nobles.

3. a. What was the purpose of merchant and craft guilds?
They regulated work hours, set prices and wages, and supervised the standards of goods produced.
b. Describe the steops by which a young man became a guild.
They start of being an apprentice. After 3 to 12 years of apprenticeship, they become a journeyman. A journeyman works for his master while perfecting his skills. After that, he submits a masterpiece example of his work, and becomes a guild master.

4. a. How did Aristotle's work influence medieval scholars?
Aristotle's system of knowledge relied on reason, and it required people to examine all sides of an issue. Therefore, people in the medieval ages were to think rationally.
b. How did Thomas Awuinas resolve differences between faith and reason?
He said that when differences arose between faith and reason, the problem was caused by mistaken reasoning. He taught that there was no conflict between faith and reason.

5. a. What contribution did Roger Bacon make to science?
He is the founder of experimental science.
b. What advances in technology were made during the Middle Ages?
Inventions such as clocks, lenses for glasses, and glass for windos and mirrors were invented.

6. a. Why did people go on crusades?
People whent on crusades because the Church believed that people who are non-Christians should be slaughtered.
b. Which crusade was most successful for the Christians? Why?
I think the first official crusade was most effective. They slaughtered Muslim and Jewish men, women and children, but there wasnt much fighting back.

7. a. What effect did the Crusades have on the Church?
At first, the spirit of the Crusades increased the power and presige of the Church. But then after the Fourth Crusade, the image of the Church as the leader of Christendom fell.
b. How did the Crusades contribute to increased trade and travel?
Crusaders needed ships to carry them to Palestine so shipbuilders in the towns of northern Italy constructed large fleets. In Palestine, they boguht Ideian and Chinese goods that Arab traders had bought from Asia. Therefore, more people were intruduced to the goods of Asia and shipbuilders perfected their skills.

For Further Thought
1. Relating Past to Present.
a. How were medieval towns similar to modern towns and cities?
There were the rich and the poor, as well as people in the middle class. Everyone bought goods from other people and invested their money in interests.
b. How were they different?
Medieval towns were a lot dirtier and messier. The Church controlled almost everything, whereas now, it is just a religion.

2. Analyzing a Quotation.
Victor Hugo, a French writing of the 1800's, observed: "In the Middle Ages, men had no great thought which they did not write down in stone." Why do you think people lavished so much time, money ,and hard work on stone architecture?
They prized the Church very much, and architecture passed down from generations to generations. They themselves had architectural talent and built many cathedrals.

3. Understanding Economic Ideas
a. How did the reappearance of coined money contribute to the economic revival in the late Middle Ages?
It made trade easier than it had been under the barter system. Money could be traded with anything, so that would naturally be better.
b. Why do you think the idea of a just price became less important in the late Middle Ages?
I think the people are making less money than they're supposed to, so the Church decided not to use the just price. Also, the Church decided that it was not immoral to charge a larger amount thant just the price of raw materials and a bit of profit.
c. Why do you think the Church relaxed its ban on usury in the 1300s?
It's for the same reason as letter b. They did not think it was immoral anymore, and people were using ways to avoid the rule that equaled to making interest.
4. Expressing an Opinion
Some people today consider the Middle Ages an "age of faith". Do you agree? Explain.
I do not agree. Faith to the Church is just obeying the priest/pope like a dog. I like to think with my own head, not obey orders. Even if I am under the leadship of somebody, I use my head and think about whether it is right or not before I do it. The Crusaders is an example of this. They just followed the Church and killed millions of innocent Jews and Muslims.

Developing Basic Skills
1. Map Reading
Study the map on page 60. Then answer the following questions:
a. What information dos the map show?
it showed major trade routes and the area controlled by Hanseatic League.
b. In what region or regions did the Hanseatic League dominate trade?
It dominated northern Europe, half of the United Kingdom, and the Scandinavias.
c. Where did the Italian cities probably dominate trade?
the Mediterranean Seas
d. How did trade contribute to the expanded Horizons of Europeans?
It traded down to Africa, as well as CHina and India

2. Reaseaching
Find out more about the hero of one of the epic poems mentioned on page 65. Then answer the following questions:
a. Who was the hero of the poem?
Roland
b. What goal or goals did the hero pursue?
The safety of Charlemange's territory.
c. Did the hero succeed? Explain.
I suppose he succeed. He died along with his army before Charlemagne's army arrived to help. But Charlemagne conquered the land he wanted to conquer in the end.
d. How did the hero represent the ideals of chivalry?
He volunteered to lead an army, he refused to back off his army until Charlemagne's army came.
3. Identifying Immediate and Long-Range Causes. Review the discussion of the Crusades on pages 69 - 72. Then answer the following questions:
a. What was the immediate cause of the First Crusade?
the peasants lead an unofficial crusade and it affected the first crusade to begin.
b. What were the long-range causes of the Crusades?
the hatred of Christrians to non-Christians.
c. How did the Crusades reflect the growing strength of medieval Europe?
the first few crusades won a lot of land back.